英文的「動詞三態」包含原形動詞、過去式動詞、過去分詞,用來標記不同的時間或狀態。
「原形動詞」是現在簡單式的基本型態(第三人稱單數會加 -s / -es / -ies ),「過去式動詞」用於過去簡單式,「過去分詞」則用於各種完成式的時態。
動詞三態:規則和不規則變化
動詞的三態變化,分為規則變化和不規則變化兩類,規則變化的「過去式動詞」和「過去分詞」會是相同形態,詳細的規則變化方式,請見此篇「過去式」文章。
不規則動詞的三態變化,則需特別花時間記憶。本文整理出常用的不規則動詞三態變化表,並依變化方式分為五個群組:
- A-A-A 三態同形
- A-B-B 過去式動詞和過去分詞相同
- A-B-A 原形動詞和過去分詞相同
- A-A-B 原形動詞和過去式動詞相同
- A-B-C 三態皆異
不規則動詞三態變化:五大分類表
不規則動詞變化:第 1 類不規則變化,A-A-A,三態皆相同
原形動詞 | 過去式動詞 | 過去分詞 (p.p.) | 中文 |
---|---|---|---|
cost | cost | cost | 花費 |
cut | cut | cut | 切 |
hit | hit | hit | 打 |
hurt | hurt | hurt | 傷害 |
let | let | let | 允許 |
put | put | put | 放 |
quit | quit | quit | 退出 |
read | read | read | 閱讀 |
shut | shut | shut | 關閉 |
不規則動詞變化:第 2 類不規則變化,A-B-B,過去式動詞和過去分詞相同
原形動詞 | 過去式動詞 | 過去分詞 (p.p.) | 中文 |
---|---|---|---|
bring | brought | brought | 帶來 |
build | built | built | 建造 |
buy | bought | bought | 買 |
catch | caught | caught | 抓住 |
feel | felt | felt | 感覺 |
fight | fought | fought | 戰鬥 |
find | found | found | 發現 |
hang | hung | hung | 懸掛 |
have | had | had | 有 |
hear | heard | heard | 聽見 |
hold | held | held | 握住 |
keep | kept | kept | 保持 |
leave | left | left | 離開 |
lend | lent | lent | 借出 |
light | lit | lit | 點燃 |
lose | lost | lost | 失去 |
make | made | made | 製造 |
mean | meant | meant | 意指 |
meet | met | met | 遇見 |
pay | paid | paid | 付錢 |
say | said | said | 說 |
sell | sold | sold | 賣 |
send | sent | sent | 送 |
shine | shone | shone | 發光 |
sit | sat | sat | 坐 |
sleep | slept | slept | 睡覺 |
spend | spent | spent | 花費 |
stand | stood | stood | 站 |
teach | taught | taught | 教 |
tell | told | told | 告訴 |
think | thought | thought | 想 |
understand | understood | understood | 理解 |
win | won | won | 贏 |
不規則動詞變化:第 3 類不規則變化,A-B-A,原形動詞和過去分詞相同
原形動詞 | 過去式動詞 | 過去分詞 (p.p.) | 中文 |
---|---|---|---|
become | became | become | 成為 |
come | came | come | 來 |
run | ran | run | 跑 |
不規則動詞變化:第 4 類不規則變化,A-A-B,原形動詞和過去式動詞相同
原形動詞 | 過去式動詞 | 過去分詞 (p.p.) | 中文 |
---|---|---|---|
beat | beat | beaten | 打 |
不規則動詞變化:第 5 類不規則變化,A-B-C,三態皆不同
原形動詞 | 過去式動詞 | 過去分詞 (p.p.) | 中文 |
---|---|---|---|
be | was / were | been | 是 |
begin | began | begun | 開始 |
bite | bit | bitten | 咬 |
blow | blew | blown | 吹 |
break | broke | broken | 打破 |
choose | chose | chosen | 選擇 |
do | did | done | 做 |
draw | drew | drawn | 畫 |
drink | drank | drunk | 喝 |
drive | drove | driven | 駕駛 |
eat | ate | eaten | 吃 |
fall | fell | fallen | 墜落 |
fly | flew | flown | 飛 |
forget | forgot | forgotten | 忘記 |
get | got | gotten | 得到 |
give | gave | given | 給 |
go | went | gone | 去 |
grow | grew | grown | 成長 |
hide | hid | hidden | 隱藏 |
know | knew | known | 知道 |
lie | lay | lain | 躺 |
ride | rode | ridden | 騎 |
ring | rang | rung | 鳴響 |
rise | rose | risen | 上升 |
see | saw | seen | 看見 |
shoot | shot | shot | 發射 |
show | showed | shown | 展現 |
sing | sang | sung | 唱 |
speak | spoke | spoken | 說話 |
steal | stole | stolen | 偷 |
swim | swam | swum | 游泳 |
take | took | taken | 拿 |
tear | tore | torn | 撕開 |
throw | threw | thrown | 丟 |
wake | woke | woken | 醒 |
wear | wore | worn | 穿 |
write | wrote | written | 寫 |
延伸學習:真正把「動詞三態」牢牢記住!
學習動詞三態的最佳方式,其實不用一直拿著圖表反覆背誦,而是要透過實際的造句應用,才能夠真正強化記憶,達到事半功倍的學習效果!
馬上來認識一下,動詞三態的各種用法!
想知道「過去式動詞」的使用情境?和現在式有什麼差別嗎?
→ 過去式